Aristotle's treatment of the human soul Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aristotle's treatment of the human soul - Essay Example n the modern psychology only an interchange of the word desire with emotions and reason with rationality are evident, the original concept remains almost the same. In addition, Aristotle was a believer in nature and nurture as an influencer of human behaviour. He believed that humans were born bank and acquired what they became from the environment. These propositions points out the roles of Aristotle in attempting to present an understanding of the nature of humans with an inclination on the human psychology (Jules 1). In this essay I will give an example of the power of reasoning that has allowed inventions to take place. I will focus on the case of Isaac Newton, the man who discovered the force of gravity. Faculties of the human soul; Nutritive human soul refers to the ability of the humans to acquire nutrients. This occurs as long as a human is alive. Through the uptake of the nutrients, they are able to grow and at some point die off. On the other hand, the perceptive soul is based on the capacity of humans to have a perception towards their environment. This soul does it’s through many ways with the least from being through a sense of touch. The perceptive soul is also responsible for the desires that are evident among the humans. They have the desire for the environment and its components such as wealth. This is not the case with other some other creatures. The capacity to move is also a component of the perceptive soul. The animals just like humans have perceptive soul since they are able to respond to situations using their senses. The other soul is the intelligent soul, which differentiates humans from all other organisms. This soul makes the humans to be rational. It is characterized by the view that it is immaterial and takes different forms. The intelligent soul is found to be a contribution of the environment. This is based on the view that a small child is less intelligent but grows to have superior intelligence. The intelligent soul makes people

Driving Under the Influence Essay Example for Free

Driving Under the Influence Essay 1. A. A trip to the ocean can be a relaxing escape from the everyday pressures of life. B. You should always be careful to avoid overexposure to the sun at the beach. 2. Check for correct punctuation, including capitalization. Learn to spell the words you use. Learn the spelling rules and the exceptions to those rules. Keep a list of words you’ve misspelled and looked up. Use your list as a reference when you write, edit, and proofread your work. Watch for grammatical errors. Keep an alert eye out for errors such as fragments, run-ons, faulty agreement, and incorrect comparisons. 3. A sentence or phrase usually used expressing a popular or common thought or idea, which has lost originality, ingenuity, and impact by long overuse. Opposites attract: This means that people who like different things and have different views are likely to fall in love or to become friends. 4. Brainstorming: Where you right down what you think might be a focus for your paragraph in which some will end up not being used. Webbing: A web in which it shows a relationship between some of the ideas you have. 5. C. How to make my favorite sandwich: First, lay out the bread on the preparing surface. Second, take out the sliced meat, making sure to get as much of the liquid off as possible. Third, put the meat on the sandwich until the desired thickness is reached. You can also add cheese at the point, if you want it to be soft and melted. Fourth, put the sandwich in the microwave for 40 seconds, flipping it once every 10 seconds. Fifth, let cool and enjoy. 6. The best way to stop drunk driving is to enforce stiffer penalties for anyone caught drinking and driving. The fines need to be much higher and their license should be much harder to get back. It should be made that a zero tolerance breathalyzers machine should be mandatory in every new vehicle that you buy. Make it so that the car just wont start even if you have a drink or two. There should also be designated drivers in every town and city all over the world. A designated driver is simply a person who agrees not to drink alcohol and be responsible for driving others home. The clubs should also have it in place so you cant leave and drink and drive. Then just maybe if we get this all in place, maybe we can save a lot lives each year and keep the drunk drivers off the highways.

2001 A Space Odyssey :: essays research papers

2001 was released in the tumultuous spring of 1968, at the same time that Americans were reeling from President Lyndon Johnson’s announcement that he would not seek reelection and the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. It might seem odd that so many people would get so excited about a science fiction movie in the midst of urban race riots and campus protests against the Vietnam War, but to many, 2001 had far greater importance than its sci-fi trappings. Baffling early audiences with its non-traditional structure, theme, and presentation, the film was soon embraced by many members of a younger generation entranced by its consciousness-raising message and its psychedelic special effects. Over the next 30 years, the film would not only become a part of American culture, but would eventually be hailed as a masterpiece of modern cinema. An examination of 2001’s appeal over the last three decades provides insight into the changing perceptions of a single cultural document over time. Young Baby Boomers were initially attracted to the film for very different reasons than those of audiences in the 1990s. Because 2001 is unlike many other films in that it invites its viewers to apply their own subjective interpretations, it serves particularly well as a signpost for contemporary social attitudes and trends. By examining the different ways that 2001 has been interpreted by its audience over that time, it reveals a great deal about evolving cultural attitudes toward issues such as technology, spirituality, and the commercialization of American society. 2001: A Space Odyssey was the third biggest box office hit of 1968 (after Mike Nichols’ The Graduate and William Wyler’s Funny Girl) and, upon the completion of its initial theatrical run, was one of the top twenty grossing movies of all time.[1] Over the next 30 years it would go on to gross over $56.7 million in the United States and $190.7 million worldwide.[2] Science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke’s companion novel of the same name has sold over four million copies worldwide,[3] and his three follow-up novels to the story have all spent several weeks on the New York Times bestseller list. One of these sequels was turned into a moderately successful film, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, released nearly 15 years after 2001. Audiences, critics, and filmmakers consistently rank the film among the 100 best ever made. Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert has stated that if asked which films would still be familiar to audiences 200 years from now, he would select 2001, The Wizard of Oz, Casablanca, and Star Wars as his first choices.

Curleys Wife

Mediums by which she is presented to the reader by Steinbeck is by how she is described by both the characters and Steinbeck, what she is wearing and her body language when she is with the workers, her actions with the characters and what she says (the hidden meaning of what she says). One of the ways the reader can learn about a Character is through the other Characters description and their opinion of that character, in the case of Curlers' Wife the first we hear of her is from Crooks, the old swamped, when he is talking to George during a game of cards.He states, â€Å"she got the eye† which shows that she is a flirtatious and an immoral woman because she has only been married for two weeks. Candy also describes her as a â€Å"tart† (a tart is a woman who dresses or behaves in a way that is considered tasteless and sexually provocative). The fact that Curlers' Wife is introduced through rumors means that the reader has a biased impression of her. Already the reader h as been introduced to the idea that Curlers' Wife is a ‘tart† and an immoral flirtatious woman. This idea is the further strengthened by 1st appearance.Her first appearance of the story is made in the doorway of the bunkhouse, asking the whereabouts of her husband which is revealed to be a weak excuse to make interaction with the workers. She is wearing â€Å"red cotton house dress and red mules, on the instep of which were little bouquets of red strict feathers. † Emphasizing her sexual presence with the color red, but the emphasis of the color red also shows danger because the color red is sometimes associated with danger, which shows she is a dangerous character.Additionally, the bouquets of ostrich feathers, also described as red, on the insteps of her shoes would have been extremely expensive in the time which â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was set; and that Curlers' Wife not only wears them on her feet but in the middle of the ‘Dust Bowl' expresses her desperate need for attention and she is willing to ruin her best pair of shows in order to main he attention of the workers, despite the fact she has a husband. Our image of Curlers wife being immoral women in then further reinforced when she Starts talking to George,† ‘Oh! She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. † Not only is Cur less' Wife described as a floozy but also a dangerous woman. Upon entering Crooks' room it is clear that Candy and Crooks are afraid of her when they both â€Å"scowled down from her eyes† this deliberate prevention of eye contact suggest that they are scared of her or they don't feel as if they need to dignify her with eye contact. The word â€Å"scowling' means that the presence of her displeases Candy and Crooks.In the story we know that both Crooks and Curlers' Wife are similar in more the one way both are obviously intelligent and perceptive of themselves as wel l as others, and both contain a deep bitterness stemming from their mistreatment. Both contain a bleak and accurate insight of the fundamental nastiness of people and they are discriminated (When she threatens to get him hung â€Å"l could get so strung so quickly it ant even funny' and isolated (In the novella there are many quotes to show that Candy's' Wife is a lonely Oman â€Å"l never get to talk to nobody. Et awful lonely. † â€Å"What's the matter with me? Anti I got a right to talk to nobody? † â€Å"Seems like they anti none Of them cares how goat live†. ) In the novella she is also linked to The American Dream (Dictionary Definition: is the ideal by which equality of opportunity is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations and goals to be achieved. Because she is talking to Leonie about what happened to her before she get married (this shows that even though she is married and has a husband to talk to SE still rise to talk to the wor kers, but it also shows a vulnerable side of her it tells us that maybe she doesn't get to talk much at her house that she has bad relationship). She reveals that her mother denied her the opportunity to join a traveling show († I always thought my 01†² lady stole it†) when she was fifteen and then, years later, a talent SCOUt spotted her and promised to take her to Hollywood to become a movie star.When nothing came of it, she decided to marry Curler, whom she dislikes. â€Å"Well, I wasn't goanna stay no place where I couldn't get nowhere or make something of myself, an' where they stole your teeters† This tells she left home because she believed and her mother was denying her of her dream and she only married Curler to get away from her mother which leads to question Does she have a good relationship with her husband?Curly is arrogant We know he is arrogant because in the novella he picks with the biggest worker there (Leonie) believing that he has enough s trength to take down the biggest worker â€Å"Come on, yea big bastard Get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitchy is goanna laugh at me† Curler is deliberately shouting at Leonie because he thinks he can win because of his arrogance. His wife is a flirt and definitely lacks the attention (the right kind of attention) she should receive from her husband. She's a trophy, and he treats her as such.They had a short engagement (they married the night they met), and Curlers' wife, from the little we really know about her married Curly for little more than to get away from her mother. Curly and his wife have a very unstable marriage, lacking in communication, love and respect. Curly believes that manipulation, intimidation, and insensitivity provide him with power over a wife who is fact just a lonely, young woman who needs to be loved. Not to et the wife off the hook here; Curlers' wife is far from stupid.She likes the money and the nice house; she never tries to leave him. But sh e also holds some power in their relationship. Curly wife possessed his mind, and as I've already stated he's very jealous. Being the only woman on the ranch, Curly is even more worried about her behavior with the men who work there†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ If he didn't know where she was for even a minute, he was off looking for her. Example;† You seen a girl around here? † he demanded angrily. † She made him crazy and enjoyed it. So ultimately, neither one of them are very happy it's a pretty unhealthy relationship. Curleys Wife Mediums by which she is presented to the reader by Steinbeck is by how she is described by both the characters and Steinbeck, what she is wearing and her body language when she is with the workers, her actions with the characters and what she says (the hidden meaning of what she says). One of the ways the reader can learn about a Character is through the other Characters description and their opinion of that character, in the case of Curlers' Wife the first we hear of her is from Crooks, the old swamped, when he is talking to George during a game of cards.He states, â€Å"she got the eye† which shows that she is a flirtatious and an immoral woman because she has only been married for two weeks. Candy also describes her as a â€Å"tart† (a tart is a woman who dresses or behaves in a way that is considered tasteless and sexually provocative). The fact that Curlers' Wife is introduced through rumors means that the reader has a biased impression of her. Already the reader h as been introduced to the idea that Curlers' Wife is a ‘tart† and an immoral flirtatious woman. This idea is the further strengthened by 1st appearance.Her first appearance of the story is made in the doorway of the bunkhouse, asking the whereabouts of her husband which is revealed to be a weak excuse to make interaction with the workers. She is wearing â€Å"red cotton house dress and red mules, on the instep of which were little bouquets of red strict feathers. † Emphasizing her sexual presence with the color red, but the emphasis of the color red also shows danger because the color red is sometimes associated with danger, which shows she is a dangerous character.Additionally, the bouquets of ostrich feathers, also described as red, on the insteps of her shoes would have been extremely expensive in the time which â€Å"Of Mice and Men† was set; and that Curlers' Wife not only wears them on her feet but in the middle of the ‘Dust Bowl' expresses her desperate need for attention and she is willing to ruin her best pair of shows in order to main he attention of the workers, despite the fact she has a husband. Our image of Curlers wife being immoral women in then further reinforced when she Starts talking to George,† ‘Oh! She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. † Not only is Cur less' Wife described as a floozy but also a dangerous woman. Upon entering Crooks' room it is clear that Candy and Crooks are afraid of her when they both â€Å"scowled down from her eyes† this deliberate prevention of eye contact suggest that they are scared of her or they don't feel as if they need to dignify her with eye contact. The word â€Å"scowling' means that the presence of her displeases Candy and Crooks.In the story we know that both Crooks and Curlers' Wife are similar in more the one way both are obviously intelligent and perceptive of themselves as wel l as others, and both contain a deep bitterness stemming from their mistreatment. Both contain a bleak and accurate insight of the fundamental nastiness of people and they are discriminated (When she threatens to get him hung â€Å"l could get so strung so quickly it ant even funny' and isolated (In the novella there are many quotes to show that Candy's' Wife is a lonely Oman â€Å"l never get to talk to nobody. Et awful lonely. † â€Å"What's the matter with me? Anti I got a right to talk to nobody? † â€Å"Seems like they anti none Of them cares how goat live†. ) In the novella she is also linked to The American Dream (Dictionary Definition: is the ideal by which equality of opportunity is available to any American, allowing the highest aspirations and goals to be achieved. Because she is talking to Leonie about what happened to her before she get married (this shows that even though she is married and has a husband to talk to SE still rise to talk to the wor kers, but it also shows a vulnerable side of her it tells us that maybe she doesn't get to talk much at her house that she has bad relationship). She reveals that her mother denied her the opportunity to join a traveling show († I always thought my 01†² lady stole it†) when she was fifteen and then, years later, a talent SCOUt spotted her and promised to take her to Hollywood to become a movie star.When nothing came of it, she decided to marry Curler, whom she dislikes. â€Å"Well, I wasn't goanna stay no place where I couldn't get nowhere or make something of myself, an' where they stole your teeters† This tells she left home because she believed and her mother was denying her of her dream and she only married Curler to get away from her mother which leads to question Does she have a good relationship with her husband?Curly is arrogant We know he is arrogant because in the novella he picks with the biggest worker there (Leonie) believing that he has enough s trength to take down the biggest worker â€Å"Come on, yea big bastard Get up on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitchy is goanna laugh at me† Curler is deliberately shouting at Leonie because he thinks he can win because of his arrogance. His wife is a flirt and definitely lacks the attention (the right kind of attention) she should receive from her husband. She's a trophy, and he treats her as such.They had a short engagement (they married the night they met), and Curlers' wife, from the little we really know about her married Curly for little more than to get away from her mother. Curly and his wife have a very unstable marriage, lacking in communication, love and respect. Curly believes that manipulation, intimidation, and insensitivity provide him with power over a wife who is fact just a lonely, young woman who needs to be loved. Not to et the wife off the hook here; Curlers' wife is far from stupid.She likes the money and the nice house; she never tries to leave him. But sh e also holds some power in their relationship. Curly wife possessed his mind, and as I've already stated he's very jealous. Being the only woman on the ranch, Curly is even more worried about her behavior with the men who work there†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ If he didn't know where she was for even a minute, he was off looking for her. Example;† You seen a girl around here? † he demanded angrily. † She made him crazy and enjoyed it. So ultimately, neither one of them are very happy it's a pretty unhealthy relationship.

Harlem Renaissance Essay

I. Introduction The Atlantic slave trade caused the large movement of Africans across different parts of the world largely in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. This African Diaspora brought about eleven million of black people in the New World (P. Larson. â€Å"Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar†). The descendants of those that were brought in the Americas, chiefly those in the United States working as slaves in the south, later experienced another diaspora: moving from the south to the north to escape the hardships brought about by intense racial discrimination. A large portion had settled in the city of Harlem, New York City which opened up a surge of excellent creative works done by blacks and became in vogue for some time. This period came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance, also variously known as the New Negro Movement, or the New Negro Renaissance. This was a period of outstanding creativity expressed in visual arts, writings, and music during this large movement of black population, wherein the African-American Diaspora has moved into larger cities. It changed the character of black American artworks, from conventional imitations of white artists to sophisticated explorations and expressions of black life and culture that revealed and stimulated a new confidence and racial pride. The movement centered in the vast black ghetto of Harlem, in New York City, thus the name of the movement. Harlem became the place of gathering for aspiring black artists, writers, and musicians, sharing their experiences and providing mutual encouragement for one another. The term Harlem â€Å"Renaissance† is a misnomer. If measured by quantity alone, it was more a birth than a â€Å"rebirth†, for never before had so many black Americans produced so much literary, artistic, and scholarly material at the same time. If measured by quality, however, it was actually a continuum, the quickening of a lively stream fed earlier by the important works of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, novelist and short story writer Charles W. Chestnutt, poet and novelist Hames Weldon Johnson and the essays of Du Bois. The Harlem Renaissance created a significant breakthrough, wherein it marked the first time wherein literary and artistic works done by African Americans gained in national attention and interest. Doors of opportunities were opened for such works to be publicized and presented to the general public, which before were not possible. Although its main achievement is found primarily in literature, it also bore the great African-American works in politics and other creative mediums such as visual art, music, and theater that explored different aspects of black American life (R. Twombly. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). II. Background and Discussion During the early part of the 1900s, Black Nationalism and racial consciousness began to emerge particularly during the 1920’s. One key factor that helped this development was the surfacing of the black middle class, which in turn were brought about by the increasing number of educated blacks who had found employment opportunities and a certain degree of economic advancement after the American Civil War (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). During World War I, thousands of black people left the depressed rural South for jobs in northern defense plants. Known as the Great Migration, more African Americans established themselves in cities such as Harlem, in New York City. They were socially conscious, and became a center of political and cultural development of the black Americans. This population created racial tensions over housings and employment that resulted in increased black militancy about rights, including vigorous agitation by the national Association for the Advancement of colored People (NAACP) and other civil rights organizations. Foremost for this black movement’s agenda, which was expressed in various mediums, is to clamor for racial equality. Championing the cause were black intellectuals W.E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. White responses to these developments were both negative and positive. The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups reached their peak of northern popularity during the 1920’s. At the same time unprecedented white interest in racial maters created a large audience for black authors who began to settle in the district of New York City known as Harlem. Like other black ghettoes, Harlem was a new, untapped source of themes and materials, which partially accounts for its popularity among artists and intellectuals, but unlike other ghettoes it was a newly constructed, fashionable, residential section. Functioning as a kind of black mecca, Harlem’s excellent housing, its prestige, excitement, and cosmopolitan flavor, attracted a black middle class from which sprang its artistic and literary set. A. General Characteristics Not all works during this movement is militant in nature. However, participants and contributors in the Renaissance were intensely race-conscious, proud of their heritage of being black, and much in love with their community. Most of them, some more subtly than others, criticized racial exploitation. Partly as a tribute to their achievements and partly as a reflection of their racial self-awareness, the Renaissance members were collectively called â€Å"New Negroes†, also indicating that they had replaced the (largely white created) literary image of the comic, pathetic plantation Negro with the proud, busy, independent black man of the northern city. The â€Å"New Negroes† were generally integrationists, optimistically interpreting their own individual successes as harbingers of improvement in race relations. Acceptance from Harpers, Harcourt, Brace, Viking, Boni & Livewright, Knopf, and other front-line publishers began coming through quick succession, boosting more optimism among African-American contributors of the Harlem Renaissance. Rather than depicting a new movement of style, the art during the Harlem Renaissance is united by their common aspiration of depicting and expressing in artistic form the African-American psyche and life. Common characteristics can be found among such works such as the birth of racial pride among black Americans. This called for tracing its roots and origin by taking attention and interest to the life of blacks primarily in Africa and South America. Also, such strong social and racial consciousness brought a strong desire for equality in the American society, both socially and politically. But one of the most common and significant characteristic of the Harlem Renaissance was the abundant production of a variety of creative expressions. Diversity was the main distinctive quality, brought about by an experimental spirit of the movement such as in music which ranged from blues, jazz, to orchestra music. B. Primary Artist of the Harlem Renaissance:   Aaron Douglas (1898-1979) The celebrated artist of the Harlem Renaissance was Aaron Douglas, who chose to depict the New Negro Movement through African images which bore â€Å"primitive† techniques: paintings in geometric shapes, flat, and rugged edges. In his works, Douglas wanted the viewers to know and recognize the African-American identity. As such, Aaron Douglas is often referred to as the â€Å"Father of African American Art†. Born in Topeka, Kansas, Douglas was able to finish his B.A degree. Moving to Harlem in 1925, Aaron immediately set to work, creating illustrations for prominent magazines of the Harlem Renaissance. Douglas was influenced in his modernist style under the tutelage of German artist Winold Reiss, a style which marked most of his celebrated works and incorporating both African and Egyptian strokes of illustration and design. It was Reis who encouraged Douglas to take African design into his works which became his trademark (â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas†). Such manner of African â€Å"primitive† style caught the attention of the main proponents of the Harlem Renaissance, namely W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke who found Douglas’ works as an appropriate embodiment of the African-American heritage. They were encouraging young artists to depict their African legacy through their artworks. Even though at a time when DuBois stilled considered Henry Tanner more important, Douglas has fairly established a reputation as the leading visual artist of his time. Harlem Renaissance painters are united by the desire to promote and portray the life and condition of blacks, particularly African-Americans. However, at this point the similarity ends. Harlem Renaissance artworks are as varied in style as the artists themselves. Although like Douglas, most painters of this period received formal trainings and as such, their style and strokes are no different from other non-black artists. What only separate the artists of the Harlem Renaissance from others are their themes and subjects. III. Conclusion A. Ending and Significance As a conclusion, one of the strengths of the Harlem Renaissance was also a serious weakness. Because they were dependent on white patrons and viewers for popularity, black artists were not fully free to explore the mechanisms that perpetrated racial injustice, nor could they propose solutions unacceptable to whites. Furthermore, when the Great Depression dominated American life during the 1930’s, the whites, who had been the bulk of the Renaissance audience, concentrated on economics and politics, oblivious to black American suffering. American arts and letters took up new themes, and although the best artists continued to work, they ultimately lost popularity. The Great Depression drove many black artists to scatter; and were mostly forced to leave New York or to take other jobs to tide them over the hard times. Creativity was drowned by necessity. Nevertheless, despite its many weaknesses and disadvantages, the Harlem Renaissance was a milestone in black American culture and the basis for later achievements.

Free Essays on Nirvana And Heaven

NIRVANA AND HEAVEN Most religions have an ultimate goal that each believer should or at least try to accomplish. While Buddhists try to attain that ultimate goal called Nirvana, Christians in the other hand, try to be close to God by achieving their ultimate goal, which is to reach Heaven. Nirvana and Heaven are two different goals of two different religions that can be compared and contrasted. For a better understanding of the similarities and differences of Nirvana and Heaven first we have to understand what each one means or represents. Nirvana is a state of mind; more precisely it is an eternal state of being. Nirvana is a state where the death and rebirth cycle comes to an end. Nirvana also means the end of suffering and human pain. It is a state where desires do not exist and the individual consciousness comes to an end. Heaven is not a state of mind but rather it is an actual place. Heaven is a place of ultimate joy and fulfillment where all those who go there would be close to God. But in Heaven not only God lives; Angels and Saints live in Heaven too. One of the similarities between Heaven and Nirvana is that both lead to salvation. Once Buddhists attain Nirvana, they escape from pain and human suffering. When Christians go to Heaven they also escape from evil things such as pain and human suffering because in Heaven there are not such things. Both Buddhists and Christians try to find their ways to their ultimate goal to escape from all the things that make them suffer and cause them pain. Another similarity that we can observe from Nirvana and Heaven is that both are eternal. Once Buddhists reach the state of Nirvana they escape from the cycle of death and rebirth, that is Buddhists can not die and be born again. Buddhists that attain Nirvana enter into an eternal state of being. As nirvana, Heaven is an eternal place too. Once Christians go to Heaven they live forever close to God. There is no death in Heaven th... Free Essays on Nirvana And Heaven Free Essays on Nirvana And Heaven NIRVANA AND HEAVEN Most religions have an ultimate goal that each believer should or at least try to accomplish. While Buddhists try to attain that ultimate goal called Nirvana, Christians in the other hand, try to be close to God by achieving their ultimate goal, which is to reach Heaven. Nirvana and Heaven are two different goals of two different religions that can be compared and contrasted. For a better understanding of the similarities and differences of Nirvana and Heaven first we have to understand what each one means or represents. Nirvana is a state of mind; more precisely it is an eternal state of being. Nirvana is a state where the death and rebirth cycle comes to an end. Nirvana also means the end of suffering and human pain. It is a state where desires do not exist and the individual consciousness comes to an end. Heaven is not a state of mind but rather it is an actual place. Heaven is a place of ultimate joy and fulfillment where all those who go there would be close to God. But in Heaven not only God lives; Angels and Saints live in Heaven too. One of the similarities between Heaven and Nirvana is that both lead to salvation. Once Buddhists attain Nirvana, they escape from pain and human suffering. When Christians go to Heaven they also escape from evil things such as pain and human suffering because in Heaven there are not such things. Both Buddhists and Christians try to find their ways to their ultimate goal to escape from all the things that make them suffer and cause them pain. Another similarity that we can observe from Nirvana and Heaven is that both are eternal. Once Buddhists reach the state of Nirvana they escape from the cycle of death and rebirth, that is Buddhists can not die and be born again. Buddhists that attain Nirvana enter into an eternal state of being. As nirvana, Heaven is an eternal place too. Once Christians go to Heaven they live forever close to God. There is no death in Heaven th...

Roberto del Rosario, Inventor of a Karaoke Machine

Roberto del Rosario, Inventor of a Karaoke Machine Roberto del Rosario (1936–2007) was the president of the now-defunct Trebel Music Corporation, a founding member of the Filipino amateur jazz band The Executives Band Combo, and, in 1975, the inventor of the Karaoke Sing Along System. Known as Bert, del Rosario patented more than 20 inventions during his lifetime, making him one of the most prolific of Filipino inventors. Fast Facts: Roberto del Rosario Known For: Holds the 1975 patent for the Karaoke Sing-Along SystemBorn: 1936 in Pasay City, PhilippinesParents: Teofilo del Rosario and Consolacion LegaspiDied: August 2003Education: No formal musical educationSpouse: Eloisa Vistan (d. 1979)Children: 5 Early Life Roberto del Rosario was born in Pasay City, Philippines, in 1936, the son of Teofilo del Rosario and Consolacion Legaspi. He never received formal music education but learned to play the piano, drums, marimba, and xylophone by ear. He was a founding member of The Executive Combo Band, a well-known amateur jazz band headed by post-World War II Filipino politician Raà ºl Sevilla Manglapus and architect Francisco Bobby Maà ±osa. The band started in 1957 and played in gigs all over the world, jamming with the likes of Duke Ellington and Bill Clinton.  Roberto del Rosario married Eloisa Vistan and together they had five children; Eloisa died in 1979. In Taytay, Rizal- under the business name Trebel (Treb is Bert spelled backwards and El is for his wife)- del Rosario manufactured harpsichords and the OMB, or One-Man-Band, a piano with a built-in synthesizer, rhythm box, and bass pedals that can all be played at the same time. He also developed and patented a singalong machine using minus one technology (originally on cassette tapes) in which vocals are subtracted from extant instrumental tracks. Del Rosario is one of several people who are associated with the invention of a karaoke machine. Karaoke is a compound Japanese word from karappo meaning empty and o-kestura meaning orchestra. Sometimes translated as empty orchestra, the phrase means something closer to the orchestra is void of vocals. Music Minus One Minus one technology has its roots in classical music recording. The Music Minus One company was founded in 1950 in Westchester, New York by classical music student Irv Kratka: Their products are professional musical recordings with one track, vocal or instrumental, removed, for the purpose of allowing a musician to practice along with the professionals at home. Multi-track recording was developed in 1955, and the technology to remove one track became available to professional musicians and publishers afterward, primarily to allow them to adjust the track balance or rerecord them to get a better sound. By the 1960s, Minus one technology was used by migrant Filipino musical personnel, who used the technology at the request of their promoters and record labels, who wanted to save costs by hiring fewer musicians. In 1971, Daisuke Inoue was a keyboard and vibraphone backup player in a high-end Kobe, Japan, bar, and his abilities were in great demand at customer parties. A customer wanted him to perform at a party but he was too busy, and he recorded the backup music on tape and gave it to the customer. After that, Inoue assembled a team of an electronics specialist, a woodworker, and a furniture finisher, and together they built the first karaoke machine using 8-track tapes, complete with microphone and echo effect, called the 8-Juke. Inoue leased his 8-Juke machines to working-class bars lacking the budget to hire live, in-house musicians in the nightlife hub of Kobe. His coin-operated 8-Juke machines featured Japanese standards and popular tracks recorded by backing musicians without vocals in 1971–1972. He clearly created the first karaoke machine, but didnt he patent or profit from it- and later he denied he was an inventor at all, claiming he simply combined a car stereo, a coin box, and a small amp. The Sing Along System Roberto del Rosario invented his version of a karaoke machine between 1975 and 1977, and in his patents (UM-5269 on June 2, 1983 and UM-6237 on November 14, 1986) he described his sing-along system as a handy, multi-purpose, compact machine that incorporates an amplifier speaker, one or two tape mechanisms, an optional tuner or radio, and a microphone mixer with features to enhance ones voice, such as the echo or reverb to simulate an opera hall or a studio sound. The whole system was enclosed in one cabinet casing. The main reason we know of del Rosarios contribution is because he sued Japanese companies for patent infringement in the 1990s. In the court case, the Philippine Supreme Court decided in del Rosarios favor. He won the legal recognition and some of the money, but in the end, the Japanese manufacturers reaped most of the benefits by later innovations. Other Inventions Besides his famous Karaoke Sing Along System Roberto del Rosario has also invented: Trebel Voice Color Code (VCC)Piano tuners guidePiano keyboard stressing deviceVoice color tape Sources Music Minus One. Music Dispatch, 2019.Roberto Bert del Rosario (Mr. Trebel) Facebook.The Joaquins. Bert del Rosario is Karaoke inventor! My Family and More, June 5, 2007.  Roberto L. Del Rosario, Petitioner, Vs. Court Of Appeals And Janito Corporation, Respondents [G.R. No. 115106]. Supreme Court of the Philippines, March 15, 1996.Soliman Michelle, Anne P. National Artist for Architecture Francisco Bobby Maà ±osa, 88. Business World, February 22, 2019.Tongson, Karen. Empty Orchestra: The Karaoke Standard and Pop Celebrity. Public Culture 27.1 (75) (2015): 85-108. Print.Xun, Zhou and Fancesca Tarocco. Karaoke: the Global Phenomenon. London: Reaktion Books, 2007.