Murphy Surname Meaning and Family History

Murphy Surname Meaning and Family History The regular Irish last name Murphy is a cutting edge type of the antiquated Irish name OMurchadha, which implies relative of ocean warrior, or solid, predominant, from the Gaelic muir meaning ocean andâ cathâ meaning fight. The family name Murphy (counting its variation structures) is the most well-known last name in Ireland. Murphy is additionally well known in the United States, where it is the 58th most regular family name dependent on 2000 enumeration information. Last name Origin: Irish Interchange Surname Spellings: MURPHEY, MORPHY, OMORCHOE, MCMURPHY, OMURPHY, OMURCHU Celebrated People with the Surname MURPHY Eddie Murphyâ -American on-screen character and comedianGeorge Murphy - entertainer and U.S. SenatorRyan Murphy -  American producer, screenwriter and directorJohn Murphy - Irish Roman Catholic minister; one of the pioneers of the Irish Rebellion of 1798Michael Murphy - Irish Roman Catholic cleric; United Irishmanâ leader during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 Where is the MURPHY Surname Most Commonly Found? Ancestors positions Murphy as the most mainstream family name in Ireland, and the ninth most regular last name in Northern Ireland. Murphy is additionally genuinely normal in Australia (45th), Canada (46th) and the United States (53rd). Inside Ireland, Murphy is generally normal in Cork and Wexford. Information from WorldNames PublicProfiler concurs, distinguishing the Murphy family name as generally basic in southern Ireland.â Parentage Resources for the Surname MURPHY 100 Most Common U.S. Last names Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... It is safe to say that you are one of the a great many Americans brandishing one of these best 100 regular last names from the 2000 evaluation? Murphy Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is nothing of the sort as a Murphyâ family peak or emblem for the Murphy surname. Coats of arms are allowed to people, not families, and may legitimately be utilized distinctly by the continuous male line relatives of the individual to whom the ensign was initially conceded. Murphy Family DNA ProjectIndividuals with the Murphy last name and varieties are welcome to join this undertaking committed to consolidating the aftereffects of DNA testing with ancestry exploration to distinguish different Murphy family lines. The Murphy Family: Genealogical, Historical and BiographicalFree, online release of a 1909 book on the Murphy Family by Michael Walter Downes. From Internet Archive. Murphy ClanLearn about Murphy ancestry, the Murphy escutcheon, family history, and the sky is the limit from there. Murphy Family Genealogy ForumSearch this mainstream ancestry discussion for the Murphy last name to discover other people who may be investigating your progenitors, or post your own Murphy question. FamilySearch - MURPHY GenealogyExplore over 6â millionâ historical records which notice people with the Murphy last name, just as online Murphy family trees on this free site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. MURPHY Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb has a few free mailing records for specialists of the Murphy last name. DistantCousin.com - MURPHY Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and parentage joins for the last name Murphy. GeneaNet - Murphy RecordsGeneaNet incorporates authentic records, family trees, and different assets for people with the Murphyâ surname, with a fixation on records and families from France and other European nations. The Murphy Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and connections to genealogical and chronicled records for people with the last name Murphyâ from the site of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket version), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Bullying in the united states of america Research Paper

Harassing in the US of america - Research Paper Example (Salamone and Pesce 2010). The rundown really contained a developing number of casualties and these names referenced here were simply part of numerous instances of tormenting that happen in American schools today. These episodes should fill in as a reminder to policymakers, school directors and the general public itself with the end goal for them to focus, find a way to address the issue. The quantity of blameless lives that are being asserted by this national pandemic ought not be allowed to become significantly further, particularly given the way that we can take care of business. Why is Bullying Dangerous? So as to comprehend why harassing must be halted for the last time, everybody ought to know about what it is. This is essential in light of the fact that there may in any case be individuals out there who laugh at these episodes and see them as some minor prodding or school fights that are normally part of growing up. The quantity of intrigue gatherings and academic work on torm enting has come about to a few delineations of harassing. For instance, Robert Thomas (2006) clarified that it is the demonstration of tormenting an individual in a manner he loathes. (p. 135) JaredStory.com a reason arranged site established by the mother of a domineering jerk's casualty went similarly as considering it a littler scope psychological warfare on the grounds that the harasser utilizes terrorizing and dread to compromise, disturb and attack a more vulnerable person. (2011) Then, Fried and Sosland (2009) refered to insulting, excluding and mocking past perseverance as harassing and highlighted the development of the word/idea called bullycide that came to allude to youngsters who end it all on account of tormenting. (p. 14) The sheer number of clarifications doesn't speak to contrasts or some similarity to banter concerning harassing. The case is that every ha their own rendition to this wonder, which is in a general sense about a predictable attack - physical, mental, oral - on a more fragile individual by a more grounded menace. In an examination attempted by Bradley (2007), it was discovered that: 1) 33% of center school understudies have felt risky at school because of tormenting; and, 2) in any event 10% of secondary school understudies who dropped out of school refered to dread of harassing as the reason. (p. 1) Hernandez (2006) additionally shared bleak insights in his own examination, expressing, â€Å"nearly 30% of American younger students have been engaged with some part of bullying,† with 13% self-revealed of being menaces, 10.6% announced being harassed, and 6.3% detailed being both a casualty and a domineering jerk. (p. 61) The measurements as spoke to by crafted by Bradley and Hernandez is dreaded to be a long way from precise on the grounds that it is accepted that numerous frequency of tormenting go unreported. An upsetting improvement today is the rise of the purported cyberbullying, â€Å"the utilization of data and corr espondence innovations to help intentional, rehashed, and threatening conduct by an individual or gathering that is planned to hurt others.† (Evans 2007, p. 14) This sort of harassing is progressively turning out to be noteworthy in light of the fact that it will in general amplify the impacts of animosity ten times. Due to the innovative and correspondence progressions today, numerous instruments are presently accessible to understudies that empower them to menace people at a rate, degree and recurrence that has never observed. Access to cell phones, the Internet, including its numerous long range informal communication sites are helpfully offering intense intends to hurt, pester and mortify an

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Which Business Schools Received the Most Applications During the 20152016 Season

Blog Archive B-School Chart of the Week Which Business Schools Received the Most Applications During the 2015â€"2016 Season Although quantifying a school’s profile certainly does not tell you everything, it can sometimes simplify the many differences among the various MBA programs. This week, we bring you a chart to help you decide which of the schools’ strengths speak to you. Many business schools’ first-round deadlines are only a few months away, and applicants around the world are gearing up for the challenge. Before the 2016â€"2017 application season kicks off, let’s take a look at the 2015â€"2016 seasonâ€"namely, which schools received the most applications. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Harvard Business School (HBS) was the most popular, as nearly 10,000 individuals applied to the school. The Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) came in second with 7,899 applications, and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania received 6,590 applications and was third in terms of volume. New York Cityâ€"based Columbia Business School (CBS) and the New York University (NYU) Stern School of Business were also both popular choices, with 5,829 and 3,696 applications, respectively. Which schools will receive the most applications during the 2016â€"2017 season? Stay tuned! Share ThisTweet B-School Charts Harvard University (Harvard Business School) Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

ThePensters APA Article Review Example of Reliability, Professionalism and Experience

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Antigone By Sophocles A Moral And Legal Battle - 951 Words

In the play Antigone by Sophocles, the title character is engaged in a moral and legal battle with King Creon. The king has issued a legal verdict against the brother of Antigone. He is to be left to rot in the battlefield, rather than be buried. As such, his body will be eaten by vultures and not be given the honor of burial. This was considered the worst punishment that could be given at the time. Antigone believes that this is wrong. She decides to go against the legal orders of the king, or the law and bury her brother. Mostly, Antigone chooses to listen to a higher order: her moral conscience. In doing so, she commits an act of civil disobedience. While the play is an ancient one, this is an ongoing issue throughout society. Since the play was first performed, there have been numerous episodes of civil disobedience by individuals in society (Leshak 2009). They continue to the present. This paper will discuss the issue between Antigone and the King. It will then dis cuss how this play is still relevant to the modern world through the message of civil disobedience. The play is one of Sophocles’ most famous works. It was written around 441 BCE. In the opening, Thebes is enduring a civil war. Two brothers choose to fight on opposite sides of the war. The new king is Creon. He has opted to recognize one brother for distinction while shaming the other publicly. Eteocles is given public honor and Polyneices has been condemned to rot on the battlefieldShow MoreRelatedA Man Defeated By His Flaws in Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† 995 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† translated by Robert Fitzgerald and Dudley Fitts, Creon believes his laws surpass the laws written by the gods but his real flaw is his belief in masculine superiority and his self-destructive pride. In Greek literature, a tragedy means a sad story in which a hero is defeated because of his flaws and through this the audie nce will have a better understanding of themselves and the world. King Creon takes the audience thru his journey of ego, stubbornness and sufferingRead MoreThe Prevailing Message Throughout Sophocles Antigone And King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1251 Words   |  6 Pagesprevailing message throughout Sophocles’ Antigone and King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail is that civil disobedience serves the purpose of fighting and correcting injustice in situations where systemic breaks in adherence to natural law occurs. Injustice here as used here is not to be synonymous with things that are simply unlawful or unfair, but instead takes on a deeper and more specific definition pertaining to the natural moral codes that all laws, as argued by King and Antigone, ought to be based uponRead MoreThe Effects of Greek Theatre on Women3640 Words   |  15 Pagesmythological or heroic story, and that an actor was introduced to answer questions posed by the choral group. The Greek wor d for actor is hypokrites, which literally meaning the one who answers. Tragedy underwent to major changes due to Aeschylus and Sophocles, both who added an actor. Tragedy, the main style of Greek theatre went through numerous changes, reflecting the changing culture. â€Å"This ever changing people’s history is left in the few remaining volumes the works of comedy, tragedy, and satireRead MoreEssay Ritual Pollution and Homicide Cases1818 Words   |  8 Pagescertain crimes – e.g. homicide – disrupted the sanctity of their city, causing an imbalance they referred to as â€Å"pollution.† Restoring balance was of the utmost importance. Otherwise, they believed that the gods would punish them with losses in battle, bad crops, and an overall miserable existence. Rituals played a very important role in ancient Greek society. Certain cities, sites, and temples were sacred. The tradition of naming certain spiritual places areas of asylum was Asylia. These asylumsRead MoreHistory of Theatre Lesson Notes Essay5401 Words   |  22 Pagesidea-  the problem to be tested in Greek Old Comedy, usually established in the prologue. 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For example, some accounts say that  Elpinice  was for a time married toRead MoreThe Origin, Development and Significance of Human Rights10255 Words   |  42 Pagessocial as well as natural forces, resulting in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other forms of deprivation. Deeply rooted in these twin observations are the beginnings of what today are called human rights and the national and international legal processes that are associated with them. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT The expression human rights is relatively new, having come into everyday parlance only since World War II, the founding of the United Nations in 1945,and the adoption by the UN General

Human Services Social Services Essay example - 1337 Words

As time passes by, life gets more challenging for many people out there, in our community. There are those who become disadvantaged such as the handicapped, those who are unemployed, and those who come of age and are in need of special attention. Luckily there are specific organizations which address these needs in the community, like senior care centers or shelters. Also, there are big charities that take in patients with no income, patients that are diagnosed with diseases, and those who suffer from isolation. Many organizations such as Caritas of Austin, Crisis Assistance Ministry, Camphill Village Kimberton Hills, and Homeland Center are charities which assist their communities in times of recession, poverty, and special assistance.†¦show more content†¦(Caritas of Austin) Similarly, to Caritas, Crisis Assistance Ministry (CAM) is a religious affiliated charity that assists people in poverty and in economic hardships. Due to an economic fall in the 1970s, concerns of how to assist families in low income were being brought into discussion. Shortly after, Crisis Assistance Ministry opened and began to address these needs in 1975. Unlike, Caritas, CAM’s prime focus is assisting lower income individuals with financing resources, rather than delivering meals to the homeless. However, CAM does hold a department called â€Å"Free Store† which supports their value of dignity by providing clothes and other items such as furniture free of charge, allowing the homeless and families in need to save the money for basic needs. â€Å"It is our mission to provide assistance and advocacy for people in financial crisis, helping them move toward self-sufficiency† (Our Mission, Vision†¦). CAM’s financial assistance program is divided into two categories—rent and utilities. Individuals on the verge of losing their home or apartment are qualified to seek help from CAM. They may be able to support the individual with a portion of their mortgage. Counseling is also available to discuss different ways of how to maintain a better credit and management of income. As to utilities, similar to rent, if the individual is at risk of having their utilities cut off, they are qualified for CAM to helpShow MoreRelatedHuman Services And Social Services1602 Words   |  7 PagesHuman services organizations assist people in the community to find resources and social services that will meet their needs. Our society experiences suffering from different avenues such as healthcare, housing, education, etc., that causes us to go and ask for help at the offices of human services. Many people do not have the resources available so they need someone to turn to for the basic needs of life. Quite frequently a question is raised as to wha t has gone wrong with our society today, whatRead MoreHuman Services Professional or Social Workers Code and Ethics542 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationship with a client. There are so many issues that are faced by a human service professional, explaining all of them may be difficult. In this field there are issues such as burnout, secondary trauma, compassion satisfaction, dual relationships, and boundary issues. (Reamer, F. (2012). As human services professional or social workers there is a code of ethics. In statement 6 of the code of ethics, it states human services experts must be mindful that in their associations with customers/clientsRead MoreOccupational Therapist, Social And Human Service Assistant, Pharmacist, And Veterinarian1036 Words   |  5 Pagescareers that I decided to further research are: occupational therapist, social and human service assistant, pharmacist, and veterinarian. An occupational therapist treat ill and/or disabled patients to regain the ability to do everyday activities. These patients could range from working with children, old adults, ones without a limb, alzheimer patients, and etc. They could also work at hospitals, schools, home health care services, or go to the patient’s home directly. This career requires a master’sRead MoreEssay on Unit 9 the Welfare System Human Services and Social Policy2040 Words   |  9 PagesFranklin Moe, Jr. Human Services amp; Social Policy Franklin Moe, Jr. Human Services amp; Social Policy To understand the â€Å"Welfare System† one must know its history. The American welfare system has changed dramatically over the past 80 years. A 100 years ago, families, local communities, and charities; typically religious based, served as the safety net for those who had fallen on hard times. The Great Depression of the 1930s would see a change in social policy with the passingRead MoreTheories Of The Field Of Multidisciplinary Human Services : Social Exchange Theory, And Systems Theory3894 Words   |  16 Pages Theories Human Services is a disciplinary geared towards meeting the needs of people from a multiple knowledge bases (What is human services?, 2013). Multidisciplinary human services is an approach to involving a variety of disciplines to address a topic or problem (Multidisciplinary Human Services Specialization, n.d.). This paper will compare and contrast three commonly applied theories to research in the field of multidisciplinary human services: social exchange theory, roleRead MoreUtilizing Online Social Networking Sites Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Networking Business and Human Services organizations all over the world try to look for different ways to improve and be successful. One of the ways organizations have been able to maintain success is by networking and linking themselves with similar organizations. A website that provides organizations with this type of networking is LinkedIn. In week two I was given the task to research and understand why such sites as LinkedIn help human service organizations stay connected with theirRead MoreIn social networking sites, other than communicating with existing friends, people can find and900 Words   |  4 Pages In social networking sites, other than communicating with existing friends, people can find and make friends with other people with similar interests or from the same school or company etc. Mobile social networking servicesto connect to their social communities with a mobile device, through one or more available mobile channels. Members share experiences, interests, opinions, presence information and personal content through their mobile devices. Mobile adds new capabilities to social networkingRead MoreSocial Networking Services Success Essay examples1026 Words   |  5 PagesVarious social networking services have achieved enormous success at the first decade of the 21st century. Up to 2010, more than 500 million users globally have been regularly using Facebook (Kirkpatrick, 2010, 2). For this purpose in this essay, social networking site is defined as an online platform where socially related users can communicate and share information with each other, such as Facebook, Twitter, Myspace and Renren. It has long been a question that whether these services brought moreRead MorePopular Culture Analysis : Social Media And Business1283 Words   |  6 PagesStudent’s Name Tutor’s Name Culture June 17, 2015 Popular Culture Analysis: Social Media and Business Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, LinkedIn, and Instagram, are extremely popular social media sites found on the internet. None of these sites would have emerged had it not been for the development of the computer, and then, the internet. Today, thanks largely to the internet, communicating globally have become very simple. Gone are the days when people sent letters by post, or in case of emergenciesRead MoreEssay about Social Media and Behavioral Effects1112 Words   |  5 Pagesrevolutionary of its technologies, social media, didn’t achieve mainstream popularity until about ten years ago. As a result of this new development, Facebook, Twitter, and similar services are becoming the most visited destinations on the internet. These websites allow users to quickly and easily share pictures, links, ideas and messages with other users; theoretically facilitating social interaction. But do these self-proclaimed social networking tools actually encourage healthy human interaction? T he evidence

Case Study of Thermal Comfort in House free essay sample

Solutions, issues and problem identifications for each individual rooms has been the aim of this report. Besides that, this report also provides procedure and method dealing with the thermal comfort in each room. 1. 1 Introduction Modern man spend most of their days indoor, therefore, thermal comfort is an important aspect of the building design process. Satisfaction with the thermal environment is expressed through the state of mind which defines thermal comfort. Extensive standardization and modelling exists for thermal comfort, which depends both on physiological and physical parameters. The heat exchange between the environment and the human body, can be described as the characteristic of the environment. Theres no rule for thermal comfort, it involves so many aspect including psychology, physiology, building sciences and many scientific fields which makes this matter even more complex. Page 2 Table of Content 1. Abstract 1. 1 Introduction 2. 0 Basic principles and requirements of Thermal Comfort 2. 1 Environmental Factors 2. 1. 1 Air Temperature 2. 1. 2 Radiant Temperature 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Thermal Comfort in House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. 3 Air Velocity 2. 1. 4 Humidity 2. Personal Factor 2. 2. 1 Clothing insulation 2. 2. 2 Metabolic Heat 3. 0 Background of selected building 3. 1 Floor plans and spaces 3. 2 Macroclimate 4. 0 Justification of case study 4. 1 Issues and recommendations 4. 1. 1 Living hall 4. 1. 2 Room 1 4. 1. 3 Stairway 4. 1. 4 Room 3 5 4. 1. 5 Room 6 4. 1. 6 Overall Building 5. 0 Conclusion 6. 0 References 21 22 9 7 6 4 5 2 Page 3 2. 0 Basic Principles and requirements of Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort According to P. O Fanger, thermal comfort of a building is affected by six kinds of parameters. Besides, these six parameters of thermal comfort can be separated into two different kind of factors and they are the personal and environment factors and they are as below: Environmental factor 1. Humidity 2. Air Velocity 3. Radiant Temperature 4. Air Temperature Personal Factor 1. Metabolic heat 2. Clothing Insulation image showing the six elements of thermal comfort Page 4 2. 1 Environmental factors: 2. 1. 1. Air temperature our body are surrounded by air temperature and they are usually measure in (Â °F). Fahrenheit or (Â °C) Degrees. 2. 1. Radiant temperature Heat that radiates from warm object is called as thermal radiant. When theres ehat sources around the environment, radiant heat will be present. On how we lose and gain heat through the environment, radiant temperature has a greater influence compared to the air temperature. By wearing reflective clothing, our skin absorbs less heat but without it, our skin absorbs heat as much as a matt black object. Here are a few examp les of radiant heat sources and they are molten metals, machinery, hot surfaces, dryers, cookers, walls in kilns, ovens, steam rollers, urnaces, electric fired, fire, sun and more. 2. 1. 3 Air velocity If air velocity is cooler than the environment, the speed of air moving across worker may cool them down. People are most sensitive to air velocity thus its more important factor in thermal comfort. People feel stuffy in a stagnant or stilled air indoor environments. Especiall when they are artificially heated up. 2. 1. 4. Humidity Humidity is provided when water is heated and evaporated into the air resulting humid and wet in air. 70% to 40% of relative humidity wouldnt cause impact on thermal comfort Page 5 . 2 Personal factors: 2. 2. 1. Clothing insulation By its very nature, clothing can interfere with our ability to lose heat to the surroundings. On wearer, thermal comfort is largely dependent on the insulating effect of clothing. Even when the environment is in perfect condition , not hot or cold, wearing too much of personal protective equipment (PPE) or wearing too much clothing maybe be a major cause for heat stress. Cold injuries such as hypothermia and frost bite may be caused on the wearer if he/she didnt not wear enough clothing with insulation in cold conditions. . 2. 2. Work rate/metabolic heat For thermal risk assessment, metabolic or work rate is essential. As we carry out physical activities, we produce heat from the inner of our bodies. The more heat we produce when the more physical work we do. The most heat will be lost when the more heat we produce. This is to prevent body from overheating. On thermal comfort, the impact of metabolic rate is critical. Most importantly, It is vital to consider the persons own physical characteristics when considering these factors. Page 6 3. 0 Background of selected building The selected building in this report is located at Townhouse 2, 279 Sandgate Road, Shortland, New South Wales 2307. Its the first house behind townhouse 1, it cant really be seen from Sandgate road. This house is a double storey building with approximately of 400 square meters of interior spaces. Townhouse 2 , 279, Sandgate Road 3. 1 Floor Plans and spaces The ground floor consists of two bedrooms, a living hall, kitchen, dining area, utility area and a small bathroom, while the first floor consists of just four bedrooms with individual bathrooms. Page 7 Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan In this case study, both levels are being analyzed in terms of thermal comfort. 3. 2 Macroclimate During summer times, the weather of New South Wales coastal area is slightly humid and temperate and usual is slightly humid and temperate and usual free from extreme cold or hot. The selected case study is located at Shortland Sandgate road, right next to the University of Newcastle. below is the image of major climate for University of Newcastle. image showing climate of UON. www. bom. gov. au/climate/average Page 8 4. Justification of case study In this case study, experiences and justification of human are used to analyse things around the room/ building without any data collection. 4. 1 Issues and recommendations In this case study, both storey will be analysed according to different feels and observation of the author. Issues of the space will be noted out and recommendations will be provided to further improve thermal comfort in the house. 4. 1. 1 Living Hall Plan indicating living hall location in the house. Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: The living hall and kitchen is at the north side of the building. But the building is cold all year round. This is probably because the North exposure to sunlight is not enough. The kitchen has blocked half of the north exposure and there are a lot of trees outside the house that blocked the direct sunlight into the house. The house is in dark most of the time of the day. Page 9 Issues and recommendations of the area. Hard floor finishes Floor on the living hall to be ceramic tiles because when these tiles which lay on the concrete slab will increase the thermal mass and has ability to store heat in it. during summer, this can improve the cooling of the house, provided all windows are to be shaded. t works the best for places with good north sunlight access, therefore, this place needs more openings to the north as well. Maximize Window opportunity. By maximizing windows towards the north area, more sunlight can be directed into the house. Of course, with sun shades and blinds on the window as well to prevent overexposure to the sunlight. Relocatin g the trees outside the house. Trees outside the house can be relocated to behind the kitchen to avoid blocking direct sunlight into the living area. Image indicating relocation of plants outside living and kitchen area Page 10 4. 1. Room 1 Plan indicating location of Room 1 Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: Room one main window is facing to the West and strong afternoon summer sunlight is shone directly into the users room, this makes the room hot during summer time. Image of room 1 from exterior Page 11 Issues and recommendations of the area. Image showing how slab can control sunlight entry during different season. A slab is recommended to be installed above room ones window to cut off summer sunlight. by this way, sun will not be directed into the room and it can stay cool during summer . The slab length should be considerate to allow winter sunlight to shine into the building and heat up the room. 4. 1. 3 Stairway Plan indicating the location of stairway Page 12 Stairway in the house Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: The stairway/ central of the house is dark and feels congested as there are no ventilations around this area. It feels uncomfortable and it amkes people sneeze walking up the stairs. Issues and recommendations of the area. image showing the exhaust system recommended http://www. 123rf. com/photo_10021797_ventilation-system It is recommended to install a ventilation system on the stairway. in the central area of the house, which is the stairways connecting ground floor to the first floor, dedicated exhaust ventilation fan connected to fresh air duct is installed on the area. This exhaust fan is operated manually although it can be connected to cooling system operation, heating operation, humidistat or a timer. The good side about this system is that humidistat or timer can be used to allow ventilations at a specific time of the day, or when the house is too humid inside or when one of the pollutants in house is high. This dedicated exhaust fan is smaller than typical furnace blower, It provides maximum control for occupants as well. Page 13 4. 1. 4 Room 6. Plan indicating the location of room 6 View of room 6 from exterior Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: Rooms 6 is the coldest among all rooms during winter, It is the additional room added few months ago, and it was supposed to be a upper living hall. The floor is made up of tiles and the inner walls are timber with cladding on outer walls. The North window is small as well. Walls of this room are temporary and it is all low in thermal mass. Page 14 Besides, room 6 is cold probably because it has low thermal mass on the walls. The external cladding and internal timber wall has very low thermal mass. The wall couldnt absorb as much heat from the morning sun compared to other part of the house. image showing low thermal mass wall at room 6 Issues and recommendations of the area. Due to its small opening towards the North, this room is quite cool during the summer which is good, but extremely cold during winter. Recommendation for this room can be using carpet as the floor material. Recommended floor covering: Carpet Heat absorption of thermal mass are affected by surface texture and colour. Concrete slab with soft floor finishes carpet on it usually work better on thermal ,ass as the carpet slows and delay thermal entry into the slab. The roo temperature will rise in about 1-2 degree celcius because of carpet, which is really good in winter but not that good in summer. Room 6 have been complaint by user that it is always cold, therefore carpet is a better choice. Due to absorption of heat by thermal mass from carpet, this effect will decrease the needs of heating energy requirements during winter time. Image showing comparison between carpet ceramic tiles Page 15 While carpet lowers winter energy consumption, it increases summer energy requirements, which is good as this room is always cold. WALL selection: Double Brick on concrete slab Image showing high thermal mass walls As for room 6s wall selection, of all selections, brick wall are selected. A wall in a building account 60-70% of thermal mass. Floor area only account 30-40% of thermal mass. The more thermal the better the building. For highest energy savings and comfort benefits, a double brick wall on concrete slab is selected. Page 16 . 1. 5 Room 3 5 Plan indicated the location of Room 3 5. Bedroom 3 Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: Upper levels room like room 3 and room 5 always get overheated during the summer. Due to its higher level from the ground and big exposure of windows towards the west and north, this two rooms gets really hot during summers afternoon. Issues and recommendations of th e area. Upper storey of a building are often built with light weighted construction, with either weatherboard or brick veneers, therefore, they have a potential for being overheat in the summer. Page 17 For overheating to not happen in this house, as much thermal mass as possible should be incorporated on the upper level of this building. With techniques that build masonry or concrete into the structure, continuation of ground floor double brick construction , internal brick walls and concrete slab floor, thermal mass will be provided. To avoid overheating, windows to the east should be minimized as well. the window towards north at the upper levels are to be restricted to lesser than 10% of the upper gross floor area. Good cross ventilation is important too, thats why positioning of windows are important, not forgetting to shade them well. Page 18 4. 1. 6 Overall House View of overall house in bricks externally timber internally. Observation and analysis based on sensory of the analyser: As mentioned above and as shown in the picture above. The whole house is made up of brick externally but timber internally. The house especially ground floor and room 4 6 at first floor are cold at all times. Timber wall internally seems to be not working. For maximum effectiveness, thermal mass should be insulated from external temperature. For example, the thermal mass should exist within the insulated walls. If the external envelope is not insulated, the benefits of thermal mass is considerably reduced. Therefore, brick venner walls dont quite comply with the thermal mass requirements. it gives out little thermal mass benefits as the brick are outside of the insulated cavity. Issues and recommendations of the area. Reverse brick veneer Reverse brick veneer is the reversing of brick veneer solution that places the brickwork on the inside rather than outside. Internal timber framing from the typical brick veneer construction are placed outside instead, a reverse of traditional way of doing it. By doing this way, typical timber styled buildings can achieve the same thermal mass rating as a double Page 19 bricked home. The high thermal mass of brickwork can be taken in advantage this way by reversing the brick veneer. it insulates the room rather than insulates the outside. Besides, the brick sin in within the insulated envelope. Bets way of doing this is to used it with concrete slab floor. Image showing Reverse brick veneer on concrete slab Compared to traditional brick veneer, the heating needs for this reverse brick veneer is a lot higher although summer savings outweigh this. Not the entire home should be used with reverse brick veneer, but the most important part of the building that needs this is the North facing side rooms. Any type of light weighted external cladding can be used as the external skin for this construction. Page 20 5. Conclusion Many issues have been realised in the selected case studies and different kind of recommendations have been given to overcome those thermal comfort problems. Hopefully with different kind of recommendations for the selected case study, thermal comfort in the house can be enhanced. Page 21 6. References Fondriest. (2010). What is Air Temperature? Retrieved 24th April, 2013, from https://www. fondriest. com/news/airtemperature. htm Sustainable energy info, retrieved 25th April, from http://www. sustainability. vic. gov. au/resources/documents/thermal_mass. pdf Thermal mass in passive solar design, retrieved 24th April, from http://www. mnn. com/yourhome/remodeling-design/stories/thermal-mass-in-passive-solar-design Executive, H. a. S. (2013). The Six Basic Factors. Retrieved 20April,2013,,from http://www. hse. gov. uk/temperature/thermal/factors. htm Page 22

Education Studies Learning Style Lessons

Learning refers to the acquisition of skills through a study. The rate of skills perception depends on a person’s sense of the surrounding and likes. Depending on these two factors, a person can prefer to use one or several styles of learning. These styles of learning include aural, visual, verbal, social, logical, solitary and physical. Use of these strategies of learning assists to form the base of understanding.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education Studies: Learning Style Lessons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this way, a person appreciates the use of acquired knowledge in a practical situation of problem solving. It is, therefore, vital to enumerate and evaluate the need and importance of proper learning styles. In this enumeration and evaluation, I will describe and create a plan for a lecture incorporating and emphasizing on three styles of learning. A lesson plans inculcates students with the required wisdom, skills and knowledge. In so doing, the plan manages time and warrants proper and effective use of facilities. Also, the need of a lesson plan is appreciated for the easy and broad overview it provides to a lecturer. This overview enhances organization of the lecture and incorporation of different learning styles. Lack of proper organization causes introduction of divergent ideas, misinformation and inconsistent topics. It is, therefore, clear that teaching performance requires appropriate strategies to improve learning skills. In a lesson designed to study about learning styles, I can determine the goals for the lesson. For instance, the goals could include the student’s prediction of the styles, determination of basic styles and learning strategies awareness. In this way, the lecture is directed and properly instructed to achieve the core its needs. A lecture without a targeted goal remains unstructured and fails to deliver its role in most cases. The ne cessity of structuring a lecture is, therefore, a fundamental tool to consider in every lecture. The materials required during the study of learning styles would include a description outline of discussion topics and activities, writing materials, questions, handout and PowerPoint presentation. The complements of a lecture determine its effectiveness. It prevents monotony of teaching and learning styles that could lead to boredom.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This complementation also ensures coverage of many styles hence retaining students’ styles of learning remain unbiased. For instance, a lecture on learning style above could involve visual PowerPoint presentation incorporating pictures, students’ demonstration, critical observation of logically manipulated pictures that could trigger thinking and remembrance, discussions on personal views on styles, reading, dict ating and writing of notes. The study objectives will be to learn the 7 styles, making students understand the styles they prefer and how they achieve more with the new knowledge about learning styles. The objectives break the goals to the aims of primary achievements. These objectives are tools for the achievement of the goals. Failure to consider objectives in the lesson plan leads to lack of order and organization hence unacceptable implications. In the case presented herein, the materials described above clearly gives an overall view of the learning styles to be used. Visual learners acquire knowledge through observation. The strategy may involve the use of handouts, PowerPoint presentation, demonstration and use of pictures. On the other hand, there are the auditory learners who have the preference to listen. This style of learning improvised here is the aural learning style. Learners involve themselves in discussions and lectures as in this case. Another style depicted in this study is the verbal learning style. The lecture involves writing, explaining and reasoning because there are questions asked for discussion and dictation of notes. In respect to this discussion, I can point out that the lesson would be complemented and effective in its achievement. I have a notion of struggling tenaciously to discourage online learning used nowadays. It replaces many learning strategies that ought to be part of effective learning. Unless instructors involve students with assignments, it is more likely that the viability of this way of learning would lead to reluctance and immature certification (Gibson, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education Studies: Learning Style Lessons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, online learning incorporating the use of diverse methods and activities as well as tutorials might be quite effective. It is, therefore, crucial to note the need of proper i nstructor performance in this mode of learning due to its sensitivity. A research was performed to compare the effectiveness of on-campus studies with online studies. The research depicted dependence among the on-campus students against the independent online students. However, it is vital to appreciate the need and the presence of a visible instructor. Presence of an instructor enables implementation of proper personal behaviors, physical interactions and demonstration that enable higher levels of understanding (Nilson, 2010). We should also note that online learning cannot instruct and direct experiments in a proper way. These points drive to the idea that a lecture interaction employs more learning style than online study. Organization of the study is a key factor for consideration when learning. For order enhancement, learning should be consistent throughout the set period (Nilson, 2010). This could be implemented through incorporation of the strategies described in the previous paragraphs in an organized manner. The lecture could start by trying to figure out what the students already know about learning style. Asking a question about how students learn during their course is a fit question example. In this way, students express their knowledge in a way that one understands and differentiates the obvious thing from the topics that require intensive consideration. The lecturer then describes the meaning of learning and introduces the basic concept in the lesson. When making the introduction and explaining, the lecturer uses reading style of learning, writing style of learning and logic style of learning to transfer knowledge to students. Lastly, assessments and assignments are necessary to help students have personal readings or discussions among themselves. This is an attribute that involves students in further research study, solitary study and group discussions when trying to improve their performance.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It makes students read harder, research and discuss for better understanding. The assessments, also, displays students rate of learning. The assignment will involve students in active study when working to complete it. In conclusion, effective learning in education relies on the use of different teaching and learning styles. Use of these styles will not only enhance knowledge acquisition but also enhance remembrance of learnt topics. Learners should reconsider using more than one style of learning instead of relying on a single style that does not meet the needs of learning. We should, therefore, take a role of familiarizing these styles among students to enable them understand and achieve their educational dreams. In this way, student will find it easy to understand and retain information in their minds for a long time. This will, in turn, lead to wiser generations, more improvisation and a higher count of discoveries. References Gibson, C. C. (1998). Distance learners in higher ed ucation: institutional responses for quality outcomes. Madison, Wis.: Atwood Publisher. Nilson, L. B. (2010). Teaching at its best: a research-based resource for college instructors (3rd ed.). San Fransisco, CA: John Wiley Sons, Inc./Jossey-Bass. This essay on Education Studies: Learning Style Lessons was written and submitted by user John Ellis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chronology of Ancient Mesopotamian Kings of Sumeria

Chronology of Ancient Mesopotamian Kings of Sumeria Mesopotamia, the Land Between Two Rivers, was located in present-day Iraq and Syria  and was home to one of the most ancient civilizations: the Sumerians. Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian cities such as Ur, Uruk, and Lagash provide some of the earliest evidence of human societies, along with the laws, writing, and agriculture that made them function. Sumeria in southern Mesopotamia was countered by Akkad (as well as Babylonia and Assyria) in the north. Rival dynasties would shift the center of power from one city to another over thousands of years; the Akkadian ruler Sargon united the two societies during his reign (2334-2279 B.C.) The fall of Babylon to the Persians in 539 B.C. saw the end of indigenous rule in Mesopotamia, and the land was marked by further conquests by Alexander the Great, the Romans, and before coming under Muslim rule in the 7th Century. This list of ancient Mesopotamian kings comes from John E. Morby. Notes based on Marc Van De Mieroops. Sumerian Timelines First Dynasty of Ur c. 2563-2387 B.C. 2563-2524... Mesannepadda 2523-2484... Aannepadda 2483-2448... Meskiagnunna 2447-2423... Elulu 2422-2387... Balulu Dynasty of Lagash c. 2494-2342 B.C. 2494-2465... Ur-Nanshe 2464-2455... Akurgal 2454-2425... Ennatum 2424-2405... Enannatum I 2402-2375... Entemena 2374-2365... Enannatum II 2364-2359... Enentarzi 2358-2352... Lugal-anda 2351-2342... Uru-inim-gina Dynasty of Uruk c. 2340-2316 B.C. 2340-2316... Lugal-zaggesi Dynasty of Akkad c. 2334-2154 B.C. 2334-2279... Sargon 2278-2270... Rimush 2269-2255... Manishtushu 2254-2218... Naram-Suen 2217-2193... Shar-kali-sharri 2192-2190... anarchy 2189-2169... Dudu 2168-2154... Shu-Turul Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2112-2004 B.C. 2112-2095... Ur-Nammu 2094-2047... Shulgi 2046-2038... Amar-Suena 2037-2029... Shu-Suen 2028-2004... Ibbi-Suen (The last king of Ur. One of his generals, Ishbi-Erra, established a dynasty in Isin.) Dynasty of Isin c. 2017-1794 B.C. 2017-1985... Ishbi-Erra 1984-1975... Shu-ilishu 1974-1954... Iddin-Dagan 1953-1935... Ishme-Dagan 1934-1924... Lipit-Ishtar 1923-1896... Ur-Ninurta 1895-1875... Bur-Sin 1874-1870... Lipit-Enlil 1869-1863... Erra-imitti 1862-1839... Enlil-bani 1838-1836... Zambiya 1835-1832... Iter-pisha 1831-1828... Ur-dukuga 1827-1817... Sin-magir 1816-1794... Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa c. 2026-1763 B.C. 2026-2006... Naplanum 2005-1978... Emisum 1977-1943... Samium 1942-1934... Zabaya 1933-1907... Gunnunum 1906-1896... Abi-sare 1895-1867... Sumu-el 1866-1851... Nur-Adad 1850-1844... Sin-iddinam 1843-1842... Sin-eribam 1841-1837... Sin-iqisham 1836... Silli-Adad 1835-1823... Warad-Sin 1822-1763... Rim-Sin (probably an Elamite. He defeated a coalition from Uruk, Isin, and Babylon and destroyed Uruk in 1800.)

Diversity and Global Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity and Global Culture - Essay Example The USA is strongly committed to democracy, in which views of the majority prevail, and strives for equality in law and institutions. The American Heritage College Dictionary defines hip hop as, "The popular culture of big city and especially inner city youth, characterized by graffiti art, break dancing, and rap music-of or relating to this culture." Hip hop is a cultural phenomenon that developed in the late 1970's in the Brooklyn and the Bronx, and a musical style emerged from it. Hip hop has become a pervasive element of popular culture and there are hip hop exercise videos, children's books, adult books, magazines, magazine articles and theses devoted to it. Further, hip hop's roots are much older and its use of music from other genres is reflected in Renaissance parody masses. The roots of this phenomenon lie in Jamaica of the 1940's and by the 1960's trucks fitted with sound equipment started playing American rhythm & blues records, in street corners, for the listening pleasure of the people in the neighborhood. Hip hop music, rap or rap music is a style of popular music, which consists of two main components, namely, rapping or MCing and DJing or audio mixing and scratching. Along with break dancing and graffiti or tagging, these compose the four elements of hip hop, a cultural movement that was initiated by inner-city youth, mainly the African Americans. This phenomenon was wide spread in the Farragut Projects in Brooklyn, NY. Some of the early DJs were Coxson Dodd, Prince Buster, Duke Reid, Maboya, Plummer and Kool DJ D who concentrated on disco music. One of them was Kool Herc who had immigrated from Jamaica and settled in the Bronx with his sound system he called "the Herculords." Kool Herc focused on rhythm & blues and funk records and one of his innovations was to play just the "break," or the musical material between the verses of a song, over and over again. He achieved this effect by using two turntables mounted with the same record. This came to be called "break-beat deejaying." People began to perform "strange, acrobatic twisting dance routines" to these episodes that came to be called "break dances" (Stancell, 1996). Kool Herc hired MCs or master of ceremonies who had to keep up a light banter between the songs with the audience. This was the origin of "rapping." DJ Hollywood, one of the early MC's at Kool Herc's parties would use rhyming verses in his rap. One of these included the words "hip hop" "which much later were used interchangeably to define the music of rap and the culture of those who attended Kool Herc's part ies(Stancell, 1996)." Afrika Bambaata was another early figure in the rap and hip hop world. He participated in many competitions between DJs and MCs often termed as battles. In addition to rapping, these battles were decided on who had the more interesting collection of breaks to play. Afrika Bambatta's breaks were drawn from many genres, including rock, rhythm & blues, mambo, German disco and calypso (Stancell, 1996). This practice of hip hop of incorporating existing sounds like recorded samples of music by other groups in addition to voices or ambient sounds led to lawsuits when the groups involved failed to credit their sources(Romanowsky and George - Warren, 1995). Another early

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Research Paper - 2

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility - Research Paper Example When the standard of care has been breached by medical practitioners and damage can be proven as a result, patients can take appropriate legal action (Johnson, 2010). Duty of care guarantees compliance to established Federal statutes. Secondary stakeholders, internally, are the physicians and nurses accountable for ensuring compliant medical procedures and patient oversight. Dr. DoRight must work with these staff members daily ensuring adequate supervision of their activities. Concurrently, this stakeholder group maintains certain protections under employment law that mandate the extent to which Dr. DoRight can intervene and establish disciplinary procedures. A third stakeholder group is the governance board charged with overseeing hospital operations and strategic developments. The Executive Committee and Regional Compliance Manager have responsibilities for ensuring compliance to established legalities in the medical field. In tandem, the governance stakeholders must ensure alignme nt of operational activities with established hospital regulations developed internally. Conflicts of Interest with Stakeholders The first conflict of interest requiring analysis is the relationship between Dr. DoRight and the governance board members. The governance system maintains responsibility for ensuring the publicized integrity and reputation of the hospital, which is a fundamental form of corporate protectionism. Dr. DoRight’s allegations (and they are only currently allegations) of staff misconduct poses future, potential reputation problems for the hospital if investigation determines that several years have passed without taking appropriate action for criminal misconduct by nurses and physicians. The governance board and Dr. DoRight also maintain responsibility for ensuring duty of care for patients, thrusting them all into a significant conflict of interest for protecting both the hospital public image and also ensuring patient standards of care. Additionally, th e many corporations and community organizations that conduct business with the hospital pose another conflict of interest for Dr. DoRight. Dr. DoRight has received numerous accolades for excellence in executive function, including the Medical Business Executive of the Year award in 2011. Dr. DoRight must determine whether to spare his reputation that has been gleaned through years of community and corporate trust-building whilst also maintaining responsibility to expose legal non-compliance that jeopardizes patient safety and security. Dr. DoRight likely asks himself whether self-protectionism or community/corporate stakeholder needs should be considered the most primary objective when considering what he believes is occurring in the organization. Has Dr. DoRight Fulfilled His Ethical Obligations? Dr. DoRight has not fully fulfilled his ethical obligations in this case. He certainly took the appropriate steps by informing his superiors (those with power to investigate and punish the se acts) which does speak toward his maintaining some form of ethical foundation and ethical value system. However, tort law can also provide potential consequences that give him personal

Opposition to The New Deal Essay Example for Free

Opposition to The New Deal Essay The New Deal, its many Administrations and their policies were making major changes to American Industry and society. As a result of this, some people were quite unhappy and attempted to stall The New Deal. As time went on, FDRs gained more and more power over the reformation of the American economy and businesses. People feared the amount of power FDR had and started questioning his intent. What really caused people to question Franklin D. Roosevelt was his attempt to fix the Supreme Court. As the nine judges making up the court were mainly old and conservative, FDR believed they were too opinionated and too eager use their authority without considering the consequences. Therefore he decided it wise to request he appoint up to six new, open-minded judges. Some people saw this as FRD attempting to tamper with the constitution in order to give himself more power, and it scared them. It was mainly because of this reason that FDRs request was turned down, but the judges certainly seemed to have got the point and from then on were a lot more careful. Republicans certainly disliked The New Deal and found it dangerous. Leading Republican, Frank Knox, summed up Republican views on The New Deal by saying The New Deal candidate has been leading us toward Moscow. By this he meant that with Roosevelts increasing powers and his guidance and control over industry it seemed that he was slowly but surely verging towards communism. They also disliked Roosevelts industrial laws because they took power of the owners and benefited the workers with policies such as trade unions and social security. Some extreme opposition came from a self-educated man with a degree in law after only 8 months he was a shameless politician with no morals and he fought dirty. In order to get where he was he had fixed ballots by placing his own men at available posts in the state government, he had used blackmail and bribery to get votes. Sometimes opponents were as much as kidnapped on Longs orders. Huey Long became US senate in 1930 and claimed that if he were to become president he would adopt the policy of confiscating any personal fortunes of over 3 million U.S dollars and giving $5000 to each and every less wealthy family. Long did not at any point explain how he would do this, but the idea of much needed money being given to them for nothing was jumped at by the poorer families, and Long gained a lot of support. Fortunately for FDR, Longs career ended due to assassination before he was able to challenge him. So with certain aspects of luck, and a well-conducted New Deal, FRD managed to rescue America from its depression without any great hitches. There were careless flaws such as the move Roosevelt made trying to fix the SC without considering the consequences, but in the end all went to plan and opposition was only opposition, and not a threat to the New Deal.

Business Social Responsibility :: Social Responsibility Essays

According to Riahi (2009), organisations (FirstGroup plc etc) can in fact be deemed as social units deliberately constructed to seek specific goal. In such respect, further resonating catalytic for pro and pessimistic dialogue: Milton Friedman argued within a 1970 New York Times magazine article that the only â€Å"social responsibility of business,† is to â€Å"increase its profits.† â€Å"The corporation,† he wrote in his book, Capitalism & Freedom, â€Å"is an instrument of the stockholders who own it, if the corporation makes a contribution, it prevents the individual stockholders from himself deciding how he should dispose of his funds.† (M. Porter, M. Kramer, 2003). Accordingly to their view, companies such as FirstGroup plc and Emerlad Energy plc would be undeniably misusing the resources entrusted to them as they engage in corporate social responsibility. In utter contrast, Heilbroner, on the other hand, suggests stockholder’s as no longer a significant source of venture capital, ‘merely a passive holder of certificate of varying degrees of risk & potential return, with little knowledge of the real performance of â€Å"his† corporation. Surely the other stakeholders deserve some return?’ (N. Smith, 1990) further underpinning businesses and its proprietors to comply with societal values & take an active role on society as this is in line with the long term interest of business ( P Griseri, N. Seppola, 2009) for e.g. whether it could be suggested as FirstGroup’s  £1.8 million community contribution, particularly, training of the local indigenous population can in some factor be deemed as a rather integral part of the company’s strategic CSR – focal objective of the firm’s differentiation strategy. In addition, studies linking strategic investment to CSR (in particular, the resourced based view) have previously suggested that specialised skills or capabilities related to i nvestment in CSR can lead to firm specific competitive advantages ( J. Frynas,2009) findings suggest firms with socially responsible practices have higher valuation and lower risk as investment in improving responsible employee relations, environmental policies, and product strategies contributes substantially to reducing firms’ cost of equity (Ghoul et al 2010). The capital market equilibrium model of Merton (1987, p. 500) implies that increasing the relative size of a firm’s investor base will result in lower cost of capital and higher market value for the firm. In a similar vein, Heinkel et al. (2001) develop an equilibrium model that implies that when fewer investors hold the stock of a firm, the opportunities for risk diversification are reduced and hence the firm’s cost of capital will be higher.

Coffee Analysis Essay

Indtroduction . The history of coffee goes at least as far back as the thirteenth century with a number of myths surrounding its first use. The original native population of coffee is thought to have come from East Africa, and it was first cultivated by Arabs from the 14th century.[1] The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen.[2] By the 16th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey and northern Africa. Coffee then spread to Balkans, Italy and to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia and then to the Americas.[3  ow are coffee prices currently set? A: Coffee prices are set according to the New York â€Å"C† Contract market. The price of coffee fluctuates wildly in this speculative economy, generally hovering around fifty cents per pound. Most coffee is traded by speculators in New York, who trade approximately 8-10 times the amount of actual coffee produced each year. The single most influential factor in world coffee prices is the weather in Brazil. Droughts and frosts portend shortages of coffee and the price increases. Specialty coffee is often imported at a negotiated price over the C market, which is considered a ‘quality premium’. Most of those premiums never reach the coffee farmer, but rather stay in the hands of the exporter. This creates a disincentive for farmers to increase their quality, as they do not receive the direct benefits of increased investment in producing better coffee. http://www.globalexchange.org/fairtrade/coffee/faq http://www.makingittv.com/Sample-Coffee-Shop-Business-Plan.htm Cost structure Dynamics ofWorld Coffee Prices The indicator Price system established in 1965 by International Coffee Organization (ICO) to provide a consistent and reliable procedure for reporting prices of different types of coffee. The ICO indicator price system is based on the four spate price groups namely, Colombian mild  arabicas, Other mild arabicas, Brazilian and other natural arabicas and Robustas. ICO composite indicator provides a benchmark for price of green coffee. ICO organization collects ex-dock shipment prices data and calculates arithmetic mean. This represents ICO composite indicator. The current ICO composite price (US cents per pound) as listed for March, 2013 is 131.38 cents per pound with a high of 135.30 and low of 128.52 cents per pound. The dynamics/trend of the monthly ICO composite price over 1998-2012 can be broken down into three phases. (Refer Figure 1 in appendix) Phase 1: The average composite price for coffee decreases from $108.95 in 1998 to $45.59 in 2001. Phase 2 begin with an increasing trend line where in average composite price increases from to 47.74 in 2002 and continues the upward swing, hitting the maximum in 2011 at an average composite price of $210.39. 2 Phase 3 starts the decline in 2012 to an average price of $156.34 from 210.39 in 2011 and continues in 2013 where the current average price for the first three months is $131.38. Price-elasticity of Demand For and Supply of Coffee The price elasticity demand is measure to show the elasticity of the quantity demanded of the good or service to a change in its price. IN case of Coffee, Coffee is produced primarily in south american countries and some developing countries but consumed in developed countries.With disruptive weather the supply of coffee is suppressed and hence the price of coffee will rise hence the Price of coffee can be considered volatile. Factors/events that affected the world supply and demand of coffee in 2011-2012. Weather has been rated as one of the top factors affecting the supply of coffee. The countries where coffee is grown is generally humid, disruptive patterns in the weather has caused coffee plant diseases. Some articles have also listed fungus as one of the elements causing decrease in the coffee supplies. Difficulty in growing Arabica plants was also listed as one of the reason for shrinking coffee production. Whereas some positive factors which caused marginal increase in coffee supplies are adding of new producing countries,  investment in advanced technologies and increased in number of coffee producers within the same region. Increase in demand can be associated with emerging new markets such as China which was primarily tea market has now seen a sudden shift in taste. Increase in expendable income due to higher salaries has caused the demand for finer coffee to grow. Major determinants of world coffee prices in 2011-2012 Weather and climate change affect coffee prices more than other factors. Coffee trees require specific climatic conditions to produce an optimum crop. Hence, the Prices remained in high throughout 2011where the average composite price was around $210. 2.4) Porters Five Forces Analysis of the Retail Coffee and Snacks Industry: Threat of New Entrants: Moderate ïÆ'Ëœ There is a moderate threat of new entrants into the industry as the barriers to entry are not high enough to discourage new competitors to enter the market. (Appendix 2 shows Barriers to Entry Checklist). ïÆ'Ëœ The industry’s saturation is moderately high with a monopolistic competition structure. ïÆ'Ëœ For new entrants, the initial investment is not significant as they can lease stores, equipment etc. at a moderate level of investment. ïÆ'Ëœ At a localized level, small coffee shops can compete with the likes of Starbucks and Dunkin Brands because there are no switching costs for the consumers. Even thought it’s a competitive industry, the possibility of new entrants to be successful in the industry is moderate. ïÆ'Ëœ But this relatively easy entry into the market is usually countered by large incumbent brands identities like Starbucks who have achieved economies of scale by lowering cost, improved efficiency with a huge market share. There is a moderately high barrier for the new entrants as they differentiate themselves from Starbuck’s product quality, its prime real estate locations, and its store ecosystem ‘experience’. ïÆ'Ëœ The incumbent firms like Starbucks have a larger scale and scope, yielding them a learning curve advantage and favorable access to raw material with the relationship they build with their suppliers. ïÆ'Ëœ The expected retaliation from well-established companies for brand equity, resources, prime real estate locations and price competition are moderately high, which creates a moderate barrier to entry. Threat of Substitutes: High ïÆ'Ëœ There are many reasonable substitute beverages to coffee, which are mainly tea, fruit juices, water, soda’s, energy drinks etc. Bars and Pubs with non/alcoholic beverages could also substitute for the social experience of Starbucks ïÆ'Ëœ Consumers could also make their own home produced coffee with household premium coffee makers at a fraction of the cost for buying from premium coffee retailers like Starbucks. ïÆ'Ëœ There are no switching costs for the consumers for switching to substitutes, which makes the threat high. ïÆ'Ëœ But its important to note that industry leaders like Starbucks are currently trying to counter this threat by selling coffee makers, premium coffee packs in grocery stores but this threat still puts pressure their the margins. Bargaining Power of Buyers: Moderate to Low Pressure ïÆ'Ëœ There are many different buyers in this industry and no single buyer can demand price concession. ïÆ'Ëœ It offers vertically differentiated products with a diverse consumer base, which make relatively low volume purchases, which erodes the buyer’s power. ïÆ'Ëœ Even though there are no switching costs with high availability of substitute products, industry leaders like Starbucks prices its product mix in relation to rivals stores with prevailing market price elasticity and competitive premium pricing. ïÆ'Ëœ Consumers have a moderate sensitivity in premium coffee retailing as they  pay a premium for higher quality products but are watchful of excessive premium in relation product quality. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Low to Moderate Pressure ïÆ'Ëœ The main inputs into the value chain of Starbucks is coffee beans and premium Arabica coffee grown in select regions which are standard inputs, which makes the cost of switching between substitute suppliers, moderately low. Strategic Analysis Of Starbucks Corporation Certified coffee under its coffee and farmer equity (C.A.F.E) program, which gives its suppliers a fair partnership status, which yields them some moderately, low power.7 ïÆ'Ëœ The suppliers in the industry also pose a low threat of competing against Starbucks by forward vertical integration, which lowers their power. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry: High to Moderate ïÆ'Ëœ The industry has a monopolistic competition, with Starbucks having the largest markets share and its closest competitors also having a significant market share, creating significant pressure on Starbucks. ïÆ'Ëœ Consumers do have any cost of switching to other competitors, which crates high intensity in rivalry. ïÆ'Ëœ But its important to note that Starbucks maintain some competitive advantage as it differentiates its products with premium products and services, which cause a moderate level of intensity in competition. ïÆ'Ëœ The industry is mature and growth rate has been moderately low which cause the intensity of competition among the companies to be moderately high due to all of them seeking to increase market shaper from established firms like Starbucks. ïÆ'Ëœ This industry does not have over capacity currently and all these factors contribute to the intensity among rivals to be moderately high. Looking at the Porters five forces analysis, we can get an aggregate industry analysis that the strength of forces and the profitability in the retail coffee and snacks industry are Moderate http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/nithingeereddy/files/starbucks_case_analysis.pdf Cost structure 4.1 Introduction Coffee prices fluctuate heavily from year to year. However, coffee prices do not fluctuate proportionally in each stage of the marketing chain. Consumer prices for example fluctuate less than prices of green coffee on the world market. The degree of fluctuation depends strongly on the way prices are determined. When farmers know in which stage of the production and marketing chain their prices are the most resistant to pressure by buyers and sellers, they can select the most profitable position to increase their market power. Section two takes a look at how prices are influenced and by which factors they are influenced. In section three a closer look is taken at the instability in receipts from coffee exports, caused by fluctuations in prices. This is followed in section four by an exposition about the influence of international commodity agreements on world coffee prices. In this section a short history is presented of the International Coffee Agreements (ICA’s). Section five describes how the margin on coffee is distributed over each stage in the marketing chain. The final section of this chapter presents some conclusions about the pricing in the world coffee market. 4.2 Influences on coffee prices When looking at the price pattern of coffee, one notices that prices are not stable. Price instability occurs in the long run, but also short term prices may change. This section takes a closer look at how coffee prices are determined. Determination of prices depends in the first place on the type of prices. World coffee prices are largely set on the futures and forward coffee markets. The quantity traded on these markets is much larger than actual trade in coffee. Prices are determined on the world market by means of speculation and arbitrage. Since coffee prices are influenced by speculation, pricing depends strongly on expectations about future supply and demand. Local coffee prices may differ between several coffee producing countries. According to De Rijk (1980), prices paid to Indonesian exporters at a given world price depend on the quality of the coffee and regularity and reliability of the quality. Other influences on local prices, according to De Rijk, consist of costs, tax es, information on prices and reliability of contracts. For some decades now the coffee market is showing a structural overproduction. This overproduction is one of the causes of the  weak position of coffee farmers. Figure 3.3 shows that exporting countries possess large stocks. These stocks are mostly set up in abundant years and are used in years of general shortage. Shortages in the supply of coffee are often caused by crop failures through natural incidents. The price of coffee is therefore susceptible to frost and drought, which are two of the leading factors in natural causes. Stocks can be kept by local farmers but more often these stocks are kept by large trading companies, which act as arbitrageurs. Trading companies buy at low prices when supply is abundant and they keep it in stock till prices rise. This provides some extra gains to trading companies, besides the normal margins on trading. Local farmers often do not have the financial resources and storage capacity to keep these stocks themselves. Therefore, they have to sell their coffee to exporters at harvest time against low prices. Farmers could have earned higher prices if they had kept their coffee in stock till the market improved. World prices, farmer prices and consumer prices are correlated with each other. Because stocks appear at different stages in the marketing chain, these prices do not fluctuate proportionally. This is shown in figure 4.1. Mostly these price shock s are taken by exporters’ stocks. As has been mentioned before, exporters often possess more financial resources for storage than local farmers. Also consumer prices fluctuate less than world coffee prices. This is explained by the price setting behaviour of coffee roasters. When world prices go down, consumer prices decrease only fractionally. In case of increasing world prices, consumer prices increase to a larger extent than in case of a price decrease. Besides correlation between prices at different stages of the marketing chain, different types of coffee are also related in pricing. Vogelvang, in his 1992 study, tested some hypotheses concerning the long-run relationships between spot prices of the four main types of coffee. Because coffee types are related to each other, some specific factors concerning the coffee market will be relevant here. These factors are the rate of substitution of coffee types, changes in total world supply or demand, and the existence of an International Coffee Agreement. Besides these specific factors, factors that influence all prices, such as world inflation, interest rates and expectations about economic variables, explain relatedness in prices. Vogelvang computes the following long run equilibrium equations: pcm = 0.91 + pua pom = 11.39 + pua prob = -21.47 + pua where prices are measured in US cents per pound. In these equations cm applies to Colombian Milds, om to Other Milds, rob to Robusta and ua to Unwashed Arabicas (Brazilian). The equations show that prices of Colombian Milds, Other Milds and Robusta are linearly related to price behaviour of Brazilian coffee. In his study, Vogelvang concludes that all the coffee prices move together in the long run. Absolute prices therefore deviate with a certain constant. The equations imply that in the long run Colombian and Other Milds are priced 0.91 cents respectively 11.39 cents per pound higher as Brazilian coffee. The Robusta price of one pound of Robusta is 21.47 cents lower in the long run than the price of Brazilian. Hypotheses concerning a relationship between Robustas and Other Milds are not statistically rejected, but results from this study can not prove a strong relation between low quality coffee like Robusta and high quality coffee like Other Milds. 4.3 Instability in export earnings It has been mentioned previously that the proportion of primary products in total exports of developing countries is high. Prices of primary products fluctuate rather strong. Therefore, these fluctuations may have a large impact on export earnings, imports, investment, employment and government expenditures. Instabilities like these may disrupt the economy of these countries (MacBean & Nguyen, 1987, p.88; Sà ¶dersten, 1980, p.249-255). Price instability and earnings fluctuations are interrelated. Yet, they do not fluctuate proportionally. This depends on the values of the price elasticity of demand, the income elasticity of demand and the price elasticity of supply. The price elasticity of demand measures responsiveness of coffee demand to prices. So, it represents the ratio of percentage change in the  quantity demanded to percentage change in price. Similarly, the ratio of percentage change in the quantity supplied to percentage change in price is called the price elasticity of supply. The income elasticity shows how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in income Suppose price elasticity of demand is (-1). Some coffee farmers decide to increase their production. This implies that world coffee supply increases. In a competitive market, coffee prices will decrease and therefore, demand for coffee will increase. Besides the fact that farmers will receive less payment for each bag of coffee, demand and total quantity exported increases. Therefore, the fall in prices has been exactly offset by higher sales, and the farmers’ income will remain unchanged. This conclusion only applies to the world coffee market in its entirety. The outcome may be all different for individual countries and individual farmers. Mostly one or a few farmers are responsible for an increase in supply. These farmers must be able to produce at low costs, since prices will drop below the initial level. Other coffee farmers may also face a lower price per unit. Therefore some marginal farmers may go out of production, causing prices to return to the long term level. Remaining farmers, who did not change production, have to sell the same output against lower short term prices. Because of this, their total returns will be lower and with the same level of costs, their profits will decrease temporarily. The effects of shifts in supply would be larger if there were economies of scale in coffee production. With economies of scale farmers are stim ulated to increase their production, in attempt to reduce their average costs. So, farmers who increase their production earn higher profits at the expense of farmers with a fixed level of production. However, increases in scale are not possible unlimitedly. Mostly this is restricted by the scarcity of fertile land. Price elasticity of demand In general, price elasticities of demand are low when the product has a low income elasticity, has little or no substitutes and forms a small part of the consumer’s budget. The average price elasticity of demand in industrialised countries with respect to retail prices is, according to estimates by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), about (-0.34). This implies that a 1% price increase (decrease) is accompanied by a decrease (increase) in consumption by 0.34%. Estimates with respect to import prices amount to (-0.2). Other studies have indicated an elasticity of between (-0.2) and (-0.3) in high income countries and of between (-0.4) and (-0.5) in lower income countries (EIU, 1995, p.17). http://www.greenbeanery.ca/bean/documents/scriptie.htm http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/111348/coffee-shop-industry-a-strategic-analysis Competitive Forces that impact competition (Porter Model) 3.1 Competition within the Coffee Shop Industry 20,000 stores with annual revenue of ~ $11 billion Highly concentrated at top and fragmented at bottom – Starbucks ~ 75% of sales Major companies: Starbucks, Caribou Coffee, Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf, Diedrich (Gloria Jean’s), Peet’s Coffee Competitors can also be found in other industries (convenience stores, gas stations, quick service, fast food restaurants, gourmet food shops, donut shops, filter ~ / specialty coffee machines for home use) e.g. Dunkin’ Donuts and McDonalds Competition through special offers (new tastes), outstanding service/ environment (internet, music, comfortable seating areas, short waiting queues), loyalty programs (bonus cards ensuring frequency of visits) and for premium locations (retail centers, university campuses, etc.) Conclusion – Competition within the Coffee Shop Industry Strong competition within the industry for new customers, premium locations, etc. but overall the industry is saturated, settled and stable which allows almost all of the competitors to yield very good margins (40 to 60 percent)[4] 3.2 Substitute Products Competition with other drinks that are not the main focus of by coffee shops: Soda, Juice, Water, Beer, Sports Drinks Competition with other products, people are spending their money on: Ice Cream, Cigarettes, Sweets Consumers have limited discretionary budget to spend on consumer goods, such as cigarettes, beer and also coffee; coffee shops are therefore fighting for a fraction of this budget Conclusion – Substitutes in the Coffee Industry Very b power of substitute products as especially young people might prefer other products, such as beer, cigarettes or soda 3.3 Barriers to Entry Rather low entry barriers: easy to open a single small cafà © Rent a place, remodel, install the equipment, get license as needed[5] However there are high entry barriers for the specialty level or big league/chain players High up-front investment needed to grow significantly (distribution system: shops, equipment, premium locations; marketing: creation of brand awareness & brand recognition, customer retention) Strong brand recognition of major players, especially Starbucks Partnerships with large, international companies also serve as potential entry barrier for new competitors – Starbucks with Pepsi/ Jim Beam/ Dryer’s Grand Ice Cream/ Barnes & Noble or Caribou Coffee with Apple[6] (See Exhibit 2). Economies of scale (purchase advantages; centralized HR and Marketing) realized by big players, especially Starbucks à ¨ cost disadvantage for new entrants Conclusion – Barriers to Entry in the Coffee Industry Small barriers to entry for small regional chains / cafà ©s, but their expansion is relatively slow due to the increasing speed of the expansion of the major players High barriers to entry into the industry for big players due to high industry concentration on top, huge brand recognition of major brands and high up-front investments are needed 3.4 Power of Suppliers Volatile Raw Material Costs[7]: Particular dependence on supply of higher-priced Arabic beans (premium coffee) – as imported mostly from developing countries, price varies along with the economical and political situation of the export country Dairy products, whose retail prices vary a lot, used for specialty drinks Coffee Shop Chains have contracts securing price stability For most coffee-exporting countries (over 60 ) that is their only â€Å"source of cash†[8] Higher world market demand and higher prices for differentiated (Gourmet and specialty coffees) and sustainable coffee (organic, fair trade, eco-friendly or shade grown) than for coffee commodity: Farmers not agile enough or don’t have the means to switch production Companies are helping  communities to make the change (train them, purchase at fair trade prices[9] and provide technical assistance)[10] Conclusion – Power of Suppliers in the Coffee Industry Very limited power of suppliers as they depend on producer’s help and sell a commodity. 3.5 Power of Customers High dependency of coffee shop chains on frequency of customer purchases Most customers appreciate the nice atmosphere in the coffee shops Preferences of customers are very likely to switch as they might get bored with / tired of the same flavor (relatively low brand loyalty) Shopping behavior is very likely to be influenced by budget constraints, weather conditions or health concerns in the general public Interested in continuous product innovation or seasonal specialties Essential for success – word of mouth and frequency of purchases[11] Conclusion – Power of Customers in the Coffee Industry Very b power of customers as coffee shops depend on word of mouth and customer retention Furthermore a customer’s opinion, preferences and shopping habits can be influenced easily which creates a big threat for the companies. http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/111348/coffee-shop-industry-a-strategic-analysis Market Structure 2.1 Introduction Markets are characterised by the interaction of buyers and sellers. Generally, economic literature distinguishes two ways of interpreting the ‘market’ concept. These interpretations concern the concrete and abstract concept of markets. The first deals with tangible markets. The latter concerns interaction of supply and demand, without the need of immediately supplying the products or having them in the market place. Section two of this chapter presents four main types of market structures. The type of market structure largely determines the relationship between buyers and sellers. Therefore, it also influences pricing of the product and the  distribution of income between economic agents throughout the production and marketing chain. Section three deals with the reasons why markets might diverge from a situation of perfect competition. This situation of imperfect competition is caused by the presence of barriers to entry. This section presents six sources causing these barriers as mentioned by Michael Porter (1980). Finally, section four draws some conclusions. 2.2 Types of market structure In the introduction of this chapter it was mentioned that the ‘market’ concept has two different interpretations. Next, this study operates the abstract concept of markets, when dealing with market structures. Economic literature distinguishes four main types of markets. These markets are divided into perfectly competitive markets, monopoly markets, oligopolistic markets and markets with monopolistic competition. Each stage in the production and marketing chain considered in next chapters, may be characterised by a different type of market. Before examining the coffee market, this section will deal briefly with each type of market. Perfect competition When economists talk about a competitive market, they mean a market with the following four characteristics: First, the market consists of many small buyers and sellers, where no individual buyer or seller is large enough to influence the market price of their product. Second, the product is standardised, which implies that it is a homogeneous product. Third, there are no entry and exit barriers. Fourth, there is complete and perfect knowledge about technology and market prices (Martin, 1993, p.15). In competitive markets suppliers can sell their products only with short term economic profits. In the long run this situation cannot persist. When suppliers earn profits, i.e. their price exceeds their average costs, new suppliers enter the business and established suppliers increase their output in the long run. Monopoly On the other hand there are markets which are dominated by one supplier. This market structure is called a monopoly. Two things distinguish a monopoly  from a competitive market. First, there is only one single supplier that supplies the market. Secondly, entry by other potential suppliers is blockaded. The first characteristic ensures that the monopolist faces no actual competition. Because of this, the monopolist may choose to supply at any point on the market demand curve. To earn the largest possible profit, the monopolist will choose the output that makes his marginal costs equal to his marginal revenue. His output decision will determine the price of the product, which makes him a price setter. The second characteristic implies that the monopolist faces no potential competition. To restrict other suppliers from entering the market there have to be some barriers to entry (Martin, 1993, p.23-24). These barriers are discussed in more detail in the next section. Oligopoly In a competitive market, each supplier is so small that it cannot affect the price. When the supplier raises its price above equilibrium price, he will loose his sales to other suppliers or new entry is provoked. At the other extreme, the monopolist has no rivals to worry about. The monopolist can raise his price without provoking new entry. Between these two extreme cases there is another type of market. Martin (1993, p.110) characterises this type of market by the presence of a few large suppliers which dominate the industry. These suppliers recognise their mutual interdependence and therefore cannot act as a monopolist. This third type of market is called an oligopolistic market. So, under oligopoly there is intense rivalry. Yet, barriers to entry are present which allow for long term profit (Maddala & Miller, 1989, p.375). Monopolistic competition An essential characteristic of this fourth type of market is product differentiation. Maddala & Miller characterise this market â€Å"by a large number of suppliers, each of which has a little market power because it offers a differentiated product. Yet all the suppliers are in competition because their products are close substitutes.† So, â€Å"there are no barriers to entry under monopolistic competition and, hence, there are no economic profits in the long run† (Maddala & Miller, 1989, p.375). Differences in market structure lead to differences in marketpower. Therefore, within the framework of this study, it is important to picture these differences in market structure among subsequent stages. In chapter five it is shown that these differences can be very large for some of the stages in the production and marketing chain of coffee. http://www.greenbeanery.ca/bean/documents/scriptie.htm

Stem Cells And Its Effect On The Body During The Initial...

Stem cells develop itself into various types of cells inside the body during the initial process of growth and development. Coupled with it, stem cells also play the role of an internal recovery system, in which it replicates itself limitlessly to stocks up the rest of the cells till the individual remains alive. When a stem cell multiplies itself, every new cell produced has the ability to perform the functions of a stem cell or may become some other sort of cell with greater and better well versed function, for example red blood cell, muscle cell, or a brain cell. There are two basic factors which differentiate Stem cells from other varieties of cells; firstly, they are those kinds of cells which can give rise to one or more different†¦show more content†¦(Thomson JA et al, 1998). In 2006, scientists went a step ahead by figuring out certain circumstances under which specialised adult cells could be genetically â€Å"reprogrammed† to suppose a stem liked form. This innovative kind of stem cell is called the induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (Klimanskaya et al 2006). Stem cells are of immense importance for living beings for various reasons. In blastocyst, which is a 3 to 5 days old embryo, the internal cells bring improvements in the structure of the organism entirely, inclusive of many types of cells and body organs like skin, eggs, lungs, heart, and other tissues. Separate amounts of adult stem cells in adult tissues like muscle, bone marrow, and the brain, bring in replacements for those cells which are damaged or lost due to injuries, usual wear and tear, or other diseases. (Haider, HKh; Ashraf, M, 2005). Due to their distinctive ability to regenerate, stem cells have the potential to treat illness like heart diseases or diabetes. However, a lot research and experiments are still needed to identify the ways in which these stem cells can effectively be used for cell based therapies to overcome these diseases, also known as regenerativ e medicine. (Goldstein, Ron 2007). The body of knowledge regarding cell development has considerably furthered due to research into the field. Light has been shed on how single organism develops and how damaged cells